CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AUTHENTICITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN AN EMERGING MARKET

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37569/DalatUniversity.13.4S.1218(2023)

Keywords:

Authenticity, Corporate reputation, Corporate social responsibility, Emerging economy, Firm performance, Organizational identification, Stakeholders.

Abstract

This study uses quantitative methods to investigate the importance of corporate social responsibility authenticity (CSRA) on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It investigates the interceding roles of organizational identification (OID) and corporate reputation (CRE) between CSRA and firm performance (FPE). The data, which were questionnaire responses from 548 customers, employees, and shareholders of SMEs, were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3.3.2. Significant positive correlations were found between the authenticity of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and three key factors: firm performance, organizational identification, and corporate reputation. This study contributes to existing knowledge by exploring the mediating roles of OID and CRE in the relationship between CSRA and FPE. To better understand how CSR affects OID, CRE, and eventually FPE, this study integrates the perceptions of internal and external stakeholders on the degree to which CSR is seen as authentic. This study particularly adds to the body of CSR literature in the context of increasing skepticism of stakeholders about CSR authenticity. Grounded in stakeholder behaviors, social identity, and social exchange theories, this study extends these theories by operationalizing a novel empirical framework in a new setting. Furthermore, the implications of this study extend to society’s current concerns about “greenwashing” or “corporate hypocrisy.”

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, R., Nawaz, M. R., Ishaq, M. I., Khan, M. M., & Ashraf, H. A. (2023). Social exchange theory: Systematic review and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1015921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015921

Alhouti, S., Johnson, C. M., & Holloway, B. B. (2016). Corporate social responsibility authenticity: Investigating its antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 69(3), 1242-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.09.007.

Alshammari, M. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and firm performance: The moderating role of reputation and institutional investors. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.5539/IJBM.V10N6P15

Ansu-Mensah, P., Marfo, E. O., Awuah, L. S., & Amoako, K. O. (2021). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder engagement in Ghana’s mining sector: A case study of Newmont Ahafo mines. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 6(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-020-00054-2

Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320

Basu, K., & Palazzo, G. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: A process model of sensemaking. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.27745504

Beckman, T., Colwell, A., & Cunningham, P. H. (2009). The emergence of corporate social responsibility in Chile: The importance of authenticity and social networks. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 191-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0190-1

Bollen, K. A., & Bauldry, S. (2011). Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates. Psychological Methods, 16(3), 265-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024448

Chuc, N., & Thai, N. (2017). The participation of Vietnamese SMEs in regional economic integration: Survey results of three manufacturing industries. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 34(1), 118-147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44684450

Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4-5), 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003

Clarkson, P. M., Overell, M. B., & Chapple, L. (2011). Environmental reporting and its relation to corporate environmental performance. Abacus, 47(1), 27-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00330.x

Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Cole, M. S., & Bruch, H. (2006). Organizational identity strength, identification, and commitment and their relationships to turnover intention: Does organizational hierarchy matter? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5), 585-605. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.378

Contreras-Pacheco, O. E., Talero-Sarmiento, L. H., & Camacho-Pinto, J. C. (2019). Effects of corporate social responsibility on employee organizational identification: Authenticity or fallacy. Contaduría y Administración, 64(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2018.1631

Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602

Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (1993). Estimation and inference in econometrics. Oxford University Press.

de Freitas Netto, S. V., Sobral, M. F. F., Ribeiro, A. R. B., & Gleibson, R. d. L. S. (2020). Concepts and forms of greenwashing: A systematic review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32(19), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3

de la Sabaté, J. M. F., & de Puente, E. d. Q. (2003). The concept and measurement of corporate reputation: An application to Spanish financial intermediaries. Corporate Reputation Review, 5(4), 280-301. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540180

Delmas, M. A., & Burbano, V. C. (2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 64-87. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2011.54.1.64

Diers-Lawson, A., Coope, K., & Tench, R. (2020). Why can CSR seem like putting lipstick on a pig? Evaluating CSR authenticity by comparing practitioner and consumer perspectives. Journal of Global Responsibility, 11(4), 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550017

Dowling, G. (2006). How good corporate reputations create corporate value. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550017

e Silva, B. A. (2021). CSR authenticity and consumers’ attitudes in the context of food waste – The case study of too good to go. [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Católica Portugesa, Portugal].

Evan, W. M., & Freeman, R. E. (1988). A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian capitalism. In T. Beauchamp & N. Bowie (Eds.), Ethical Theory and Business (pp. 97-106). Prentiss-Hall.

Fatma, M., & Khan, I. (2022). An investigation of consumer evaluation of authenticity of their company’s CSR engagement. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 33(1-2), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2020.1791068

Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image. Harvard Business School Press.

Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. D. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory: Learning from each other. Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management, 1, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.4468/2017.1.02freeman.dmytriyev

Freeman, R. E., Phillips, R., & Sisodia, R. (2020). Tensions in stakeholder theory. Business and Society, 59(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318773750

Godfrey, P. C. (2005). The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholder wealth: A risk management perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 777-798. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.18378878

Gök, O., & Özkaya, H. (2011). Does corporate reputation improve stock performance in an emerging economy? Evidence from Turkey. Corporate Reputation Review, 14(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2011.3

Guide, V. D. R., Jr., & Ketokivi, M. (2015). Notes from the editors: Redefining some methodological criteria for the journal. Journal of Operations Management, 37(1), v-viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(15)00056-X

Gunawan, S., Budiarsi, S. Y., & Hartini, S. (2020). Authenticity as a corporate social responsibility platform for building customer loyalty. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1775023. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1775023

Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited.

Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed). Sage.

Hair, J. F., Jr., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hair, J. F., Jr., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (Vol. 27) (pp. 382-393). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135336.003.0027

Huang, H., Xing, X., He, Y., & Gu, X. (2020). Combating greenwashers in emerging markets: A game-theoretical exploration of firms, customers and government regulations. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 140, 101976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101976

Jamali, D., Lund-Thomsen, P., & Jeppesen, S. (2017). SMEs and CSR in developing countries. Business & Society, 56(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650315571258

Jensen, M. C. (2017). Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12(2), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857812

Jeon, M. A., & An, D. (2019). A study on the relationship between perceived CSR motives, authenticity and company attitudes: A comparative analysis of cause promotion and cause-related marketing. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-019-0028-4

Ji, S., & Jan, I. U. (2019). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on frontline employee’s emotional labor strategies. Sustainability, 11(6), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061780

Jones, C., & Volpe, E. H. (2011). Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.694

Joo, S., Miller, E. G., & Fink, J. S. (2019). Consumer evaluations of CSR authenticity: Development and validation of a multidimensional CSR authenticity scale. Journal of Business Research, 98, 236-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.060

Jose, S., Khare, N., & Buchanan, F. R. (2018). Customer perceptions of CSR authenticity. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(4), 614-629. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-08-2017-1213

Kim, H., & Lee, M. (2022). Employee perception of corporate social responsibility authenticity: A multilevel approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 948363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948363

Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 14(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

Koons, E. (2022, July 12). Greenwashing examples 2022: Top 10 greenwashing companies. Energy Tracker Asia. https://energytracker.asia/greenwashing-examples-of-top-companies.

Kraus, S., Rigtering, J. P. C., Hughes, M., & Hosman, V. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of SMEs: A quantitative study from the Netherlands. Review of Managerial Science, 6(2), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-011-0062-9

Laville, S. (2022, June 30). Coca-Cola among brands greenwashing over packaging, report says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/30/coca-cola-among-brands-greenwashing-over-packaging-report-says.

Le, T. T. (2022a). Corporate social responsibility and SMEs’ performance: Mediating role of corporate image, corporate reputation and customer loyalty. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(10), 4565-4590. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1164

Le, T. T. (2022b). How do corporate social responsibility and green innovation transform corporate green strategy into sustainable firm performance? Journal of Cleaner Production, 362, 132228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132228

Lee, E.-S., Park, T.-Y., & Koo, B. (2015). Identifying organizational identification as a basis for attitudes and behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 1049-1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000012

Lee, S., & Yoon, J. (2018). Does the authenticity of corporate social responsibility affect employee commitment? Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(4), 617-632. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6475

Lee, S. H., & Jeong, G. Y. (2022). The effect of corporate social responsibility compatibility and authenticity on brand trust and corporate sustainability management: For Korean cosmetics companies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 2574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895823

Leigh, T. W., Peters, C., & Shelton, J. (2006). The consumer quest for authenticity: The multiplicity of meanings within the MG subculture of consumption. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070306288403

Lim, X.-J., Cheah, J.-H., Ng, S. I., Basha, N. K., & Soutar, G. (2021). The effects of anthropomorphism presence and the marketing mix have on retail app continuance use intention. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 168, 120763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120763

Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202

Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166, 114104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114104

Mäncher, L., Zerres, C., & Breyer-Mayländer, T. (2023). Authentic corporate social responsibility: Antecedents and effects on consumer purchase intention. European Journal of Management Studies, 28(2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMS-10-2022-0065

Mazutis, D. D., & Slawinski, N. (2015). Reconnecting business and society: Perceptions of authenticity in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2253-1

McShane, L., & Cunningham, P. (2012). To thine own self be true? Employees’ judgments of the authenticity of their organization’s corporate social responsibility program. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1064-x

Morgan, N. A., Vorhies, D. W., & Mason, C. H. (2009). Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(8), 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.764

Morhart, F., Malär, L., Guèvremont, A., Girardin, F., & Grohmann, B. (2015). Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(2), 200-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.11.006

Mota, R. d. O., Bueno, A., Gonella, J. d. S. L., Ganga, G. M. D., Godinho Filho, M., & Latan, H. (2022). The effects of the COVID-19 crisis on startups’ performance: The role of resilience. Management Decision, 60(12), 3388-3415. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2021-0998

Napoli, J., Dickinson, S. J., Beverland, M. B., & Farrelly, F. (2014). Measuring consumer-based brand authenticity. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1090-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.06.001

Newell, S. J., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2001). The development of a scale to measure perceived corporate credibility. Journal of Business Research, 52(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00104-6

Nguyen, H. T., Hoang, T. G., & Luu, H. (2019). Corporate social responsibility in Vietnam: Opportunities and innovation experienced by multinational corporation subsidiaries. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(6), 771-792. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-02-2019-0082

Nguyen, M., Bensemann, J., & Kelly, S. (2018). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Vietnam: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 3, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0032-5

Nguyen, N. T. T., Nguyen, N. P., & Thanh Hoai, T. (2021). Ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and firm performance: A serial mediation model. Heliyon, 7(4), e06809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06809

Osei-Kojo, A., & Andrews, N. (2020). A developmental paradox? The “dark forces” against corporate social responsibility in Ghana’s extractive industry. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(2), 1051-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0233-9

Pang, A., Lwin, M. O., Ng, C. S.-M., Ong, Y.-K., Chau, S. R. W.-C., & Yeow, K. P.-S. (2018). Utilization of CSR to build organizations’ corporate image in Asia: Need for an integrative approach. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(4), 335-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2017.1420207

Paruzel, A., Danel, M., & Maier, G. W. (2020). Scrutinizing social identity theory in corporate social responsibility: An experimental investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580620. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580620

Patten, D. M. (2002). The relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: A research note. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 27(8), 763-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00028-4

Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value: How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth. Harvard Business Review, 89(1), 1-17.

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for specification errors in classical linear least-squares regression analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 31, 350-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1969.tb00796.x

Rand, J., & Tarp, F. (Eds.). (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises in Vietnam (p. 304). Oxford University Press. https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/4015

Rawlins, B. (2009). Give the emperor a mirror: Toward developing a stakeholder measurement of organizational transparency. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(1), 71-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802153421

Rettab, B., Brik, A. B., & Mellahi, K. (2009). A study of management perceptions of the impact of corporate social responsibility on organizational performance in emerging economies: The case of Dubai. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(3), 371-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0005-9

Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005

Safeer, A. A., & Liu, H. (2022). Role of corporate social responsibility authenticity in developing perceived brand loyalty: A consumer perceptions paradigm. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 32(2), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-01-2022-3807

Santos, J. B., & Brito, L. A. L. (2012). Toward a subjective measurement model for firm performance. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 9, 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-76922012000500007

Sassenberg, K., & Vliek, M. L. W. (Eds.). (2019). Social psychology in action: Evidence-based interventions from theory to practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5

Schaefer, S. D., Terlutter, R., & Diehl, S. (2019). Is my company really doing good? Factors influencing employees’ evaluation of the authenticity of their company’s corporate social responsibility engagement. Journal of Business Research, 101, 128-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.030

Singh, K., & Misra, M. (2021a). The evolving path of CSR: Toward business and society relationship. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 38(2), 304-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-04-2020-0052

Singh, K., & Misra, M. (2021b). Linking corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational performance: The moderating effect of corporate reputation. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 27(1), 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2020.100139

Song, B., & Dong, C. (2022). What do we know about CSR authenticity? A systematic review from 2007 to 2021. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(3), 525-548. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-07-2021-0276

Spiggle, S., Nguyen, H. T., & Caravella, M. (2012). More than fit: Brand extension authenticity. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(6), 967-983. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.11.0015

Surroca, J., Tribó, J. A., & Waddock, S. (2010). Corporate responsibility and financial performance: The role of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31(5), 463-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.820

Tajfel, H. (1978). The achievement of inter-group differentiation. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 77-100). Academic Press.

Uyar, A., Karaman, A. S., & Kilic, M. (2020). Is corporate social responsibility reporting a tool of signaling or greenwashing? Evidence from the worldwide logistics sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119997

Van Dick, R., Christ, O., Stellmacher, J., Wagner, U., Ahlswede, O., Grubba, C., Hauptmeier, M., Höhfeld, C., Moltzen, K., & Tissington, P. A. (2004). Should I stay or should I go? Explaining turnover intentions with organizational identification and job satisfaction. British Journal of Management, 15(4), 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2004.00424.x

Verdú, A. J., & Gómez-Gras, J.-M. (2009). Measuring the organizational responsiveness through managerial flexibility. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 22(6), 668-690. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810910997069

Vij, S., & Bedi, H. S. (2016). Are subjective business performance measures justified? International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(5), 603-621. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-12-2014-0196

Vuong, T. K. (2020). Analysis of challenges and opportunities for Vietnamese SMEs in the globalization. Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 4(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.29226/TR1001.2020.192

Wagner, T., Lutz, R. J., & Weitz, B. A. (2009). Corporate hypocrisy: Overcoming the threat of inconsistent corporate social responsibility perceptions. Journal of Marketing, 73(6), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.6.77

Wang, Z., Hsieh, T.-S., & Sarkis, J. (2018). CSR performance and the readability of CSR reports: Too good to be true? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1440

Wicki, S., & van der Kaaij, J. (2007). Is it true love between the octopus and the frog? How to avoid the authenticity gap. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(4), 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550061

Downloads

Published

15-12-2023

Volume and Issues

Section

Economics and Management

How to Cite

Le, T. T. (2023). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AUTHENTICITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN AN EMERGING MARKET. Dalat University Journal of Science, 13(4S), 85-117. https://doi.org/10.37569/DalatUniversity.13.4S.1218(2023)